The Hollywood Sentinel (December 1st – December 7th 2008) Scarlett Johannson’s Sex Life, George Bush’s Laws, Hollywood’s Cracked out Drivers & Much More

By hollywoodsentinel

THE HOLLYWOOD SENTINEL ®

“we don’t just report the news, we make the news

* ROCK STARS *   MOVIE STARS * & SEX SYMBOLS *

December 1st December 7th , 2008

We are proud to announce that The Hollywood Sentinel will be launching in better form and greater length online with the official website next month. Get ready! As for now, we patiently deal with the quirks and issues of this here site. We hope you enjoy this issue. – Bruce Edwin

IN THIS ISSUE:

INTERVIEW WITH:
SCARLET JOHANSSON
NATALIE PORTMAN
JOHN TRAVOLTA
MILEY CYRUS INTERVIEWS (HELD OVER ONE MORE WEEK)
HOW TO SUCCEED IN HOLLYWOOD
PLUS:
LATEST LAWS SIGNED BY BUSH
LIFE IN HOLLYWOOD
AND MUCH MORE

LIFE IN HOLLYWOOD

FIND OUT ABOUT THE HOTTEST RED CARPET PREMIERES, THE HOLLYWOOD SENTINEL ® IS THERE.

DECEMBER EVENTS 2008

Actress MOIRA CUE and her manager BRUCE EDWIN were spotted enjoying a pre Thanksgiving dinner last Wednesday having Brazillian cuisuine over at Woodspoon, where JOHNNY DEPP was also recently spotted, who recently bought a building nearby.

MOIRA CUE and star DONALD SUTHERLAND were spotted separately on Thanksgiving Day, both at the California Club. Sutherland was joined by a party of European guests, and was discussing getting tickets for the Inaugural Ball with Mr.Obama.

Producer / Manager BRUCE EDWIN was spotted with Hollywood publicist CHERMAINE BLICK and producer CARL URBIN Monday at the Avalon Hotel enjoying dinner and discussing publicity for their slate of new films and a TV show.

Wednesday the 3rd the Smashing Pumpkins play their second gig at the Gibson, and Hanson Bros. of NO MEANS NO fame rock the echo in where else, Echo Park. Thursday the 4th, OASIS crawls back from hibernation to rock staples, and DETOUR fest kicks off downtown. Also Thursday, December 4, 2008, NANCY OLSON parties at the Egyptian. While at the Aero, Tricks director Andrzej Jakimouski is in person for his screening. Friday the 5th, CATE BLANCHET get her star on the walk of fame. Saturday the 6th, PAR opens REVOLUTIONARY ROAD on lot with helmer Michael Shannon. Same date, STARPOWER MANAGEMENT client TOM TANGEN is one of the main attractions for this years HALO AWARDS, December 6th, as host, which will see the Golden Age of Hollywood’s screen legends ERNEST BORGNINE and CAROL CHANNING, among many more grace the stage. Sunday, December 7, 2008, Universal unleashes “The Tale of Despereaux” Starring: Matthew Broderick, Emma Watson, and Ben Falcone. Monday December 8, Paramount Pictures opens “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” Starring: Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett. Tuesday the 9th, KEIFER SUTHERLAND gets his star on the walk of fame at before most models roll out of bed at 11:30am. Thursday, December 11, 2008, 20th Century Fox kicks off “Marley and Me” Starring: Owen Wilson, Jennifer Aniston, and Alan Arkin. Tuesday, Friday the 12th, MICKEY ROURKE opens THE WRESTLER at the Aero in SM. December 16, 2008, Sony launches “Seven Pounds” Starring: Will Smith, Rosario Dawson, and Woody Harrelson. Wednesday, December 17, 2008, Warner Brothers launches “Yes Man” Starring: Jim Carrey and Zooey Deschanel.Wednesday, December 17, 2008, Lionsgate kicks off “The Spirit” Starring: Gabriel Macht, Samuel L. Jackson, Scarlett Johansson, and Eva Mendes. All films above noted are red carpet premieres or events at select locations for Hollywood’s hottest VIP’s. See you there!

To list your event, contact The Hollywood Sentinel ® at 310-226-7176 for further information

THE HOLLYWOOD SENTINEL ®

National News (U.S).

7-Year-Old Boy Struck and Critically Injured by Hit & Run Driver

Los Angeles: South Traffic Detectives are requesting the public’s help in finding the person who ran over and critically injured a 7-year-old boy early Monday evening.

On December 1, 2008, at around 6:00 p.m., the boy had chased a ball into the street in the 6900 block of Estrella Avenue and was hit by a gray minivan.  The driver, a Female Hispanic, 35-40 years of age, initially stopped and got out of her vehicle, but quickly reentered it and sped away without identifying herself or rendering aid as is required by law.

The boy, whose name has not been released, was transported to a local hospital where he remains in critical condition.

Anyone with information is urged to contact South Traffic Division Detectives Jimmy Render or Rodney Jones at 213-485-7336 or 323-290-6063.  After-hours and on weekends calls may be directed to the 24-hour, toll-free number, 1-877-LAPD24-7 (527-3247) or texting CRIMES (274637) and beginning the message with LAPD.  Tipsters may also submit information on the LAPD website, and can remain anonymous.

Contrary to what too many drivers in L.A. seem to behave like, pedestrians exist. Speeding in the city may add on only a matter of seconds to ones time arrival. And really, is a few seconds or even minutes more worth the gamble of destroying your or some one else’s life?

President Bush Signs H.R. 2040, S. 602, and S. 1193 Into Law

STATEMENT BY PRESS SECRETARY DANA PERINO

On Tuesday, December 2, 2008, the President signed into law:

H.R. 2040, the “Civil Rights Act of 1964 Commemorative Coin Act,” which requires the Department of the Treasury to mint and issue coins in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964;

S. 602, the “Child Safe Viewing Act of 2007,” which requires the Federal Communications Commission to conduct an inquiry to examine the availability of, and methods of encouraging the use of, advanced blocking technologies that help parents protect their children from transmitted video and audio programming that the parents determine to be indecent or objectionable;

S. 1193, which directs the Secretary of the Interior to take into trust two parcels of Federal land in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for the claim of benefit of 19 Indian pueblos; to make various technical changes to statutes concerning Native Americans; and extends the authorization for Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial through November 12, 2009.

The film about the life story of Alfred Daniel King, the brother of Martin Luther King Jr., who was the silent power behind Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, is being produced to coordinate with the unveiling of the statue, at which America’s first African American President, Mr. Obama is scheduled to speak. The film, Sons of Thunder, is being produced by Conrad Bullard, Dr. Alveda King, and executive producers Bruce Edwin and David Williams.

The Tyra Banks Show Comes to The CW

Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution and The CW Television Network announced that after four seasons in first-run syndication, Telepictures Productions’ Emmy®-winning talk program The Tyra Banks Show will move to The CW with the launch of its forthcoming fifth season in September 2009.

The Tyra Banks Show will air on The CW in double runs on weekday afternoons from 3:00–4:00 p.m. and 4:00–5:00 p.m., and the agreement puts the hour long series hosted and executive produced by the multitalented Banks – recently honored by Glamour magazine as one of its Women of the Year for 2008 – on the same network as her highly rated primetime reality competition program excited to join forces with The CW to bring ‘The Tyra Banks Show’ to the network for its fifth season.

“I’m thrilled to have ‘The Tyra Banks Show’ join The CW, where I already have an amazing partnership and where my audience knows to look for me,” said Banks. “With ‘Top Model’ in primetime and ‘The Tyra Banks Show’ in daytime, it’s a match made in heaven.”

Banks was recently included as one of Forbes magazine’s Celebrity 100, was a Cosmopolitan magazine “Fun Fearless Phenom,” was featured in Newsweek’s “Women in Leadership” issue for 2008, and was included in Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in both 2006 and 2007.

The Tyra Banks Show won the 2008 Daytime Emmy® Award for Outstanding Talk Show/Informative and returned for its fourth season on September 8, 2008. Speaking to a new generation of women in a relevant voice, “Tyra” remains committed to inspiring and empowering women of all ages in a dynamic atmosphere that fosters honest talk. Tyra has proven herself as a reliable “go-to” for young women – for advice, politics, fashion, and pop culture direction.

As a result of “Tyra” moving to The CW, WBDTD will immediately take Telepictures Productions’ new court program Judge Jeanine Pirro into the first-run syndication marketplace, with the show being offered to stations for fall 2009. Judge Jeanine Pirro currently airs from 3:00–4:00 p.m. weekdays on The CW as part of a two-hour block of Monday–Friday programming supplied by WBDTD which also includes the sitcoms The Wayans Bros. and The Jamie Foxx Show in the 4:00–5:00 p.m. hour.

Hottest U.S. Magazine cover of 2008:

March issue of W magazine

Sexy screen sirens Scarlett Johansson and Natalie Portman Talk About Monogamy, Johansson’s Promiscuity, and Obama

(2008, New York, NY) Scarlett Johansson told W magazine what it is like being labeled as someone who is promiscuous: “I’ve been battered for saying that I don’t believe humans are monogamous by nature. The response was, like, ‘What a ho-bag!’ I didn’t mean that I don’t practice monogamy in my own life? Of course I do! I’m not going to be in some tarty relationship. But I stick by what I said. I remember another time, I said I get tested for AIDS twice a year, and again that got spun as me being promiscuous. But I was single at the time, and I think it’s important to do that!”

Following are other comments from Scarlett Johansson and Natalie Portman’s interview found in the March issue of W. The complete article can also be read at www.Wmagazine.com. Hats off to W. The mag that is.

SCARLET JOHANSSON

ON HATING GOSSIP MAGAZINES…“You’re never going to find me at the Ivy. I don’t care how good the Cobb salad is. These tabloid magazines?I think they’re hideous and the downfall of society.”

ON SUPPORTING BARACK OBAMA…“I will continue stumping for Obama until he’s elected. The past eight years have been painful for a lot of people. We’re in a state of emergency.”

ON WHY SHE CHOSE TO ACCEPT THE ROLE IN THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL…“Natalie was already attached when I read the script. And I was desperate to work with her. She was the most attractive aspect of the project to me from the beginning.”

ON SAME SEX MARRIAGE NOT BEING LEGAL…“It’s so archaic. It’s just, like, bizarre to me. I feel like in 10 or 15 years’ time our children are going to look back and say, ‘What? You were around when gay people weren’t allowed to get married?’”

ON HELPING PORTMAN WITH HER FEAR OF CONFRONTATION WHILE FILMING THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL…“Natalie would be uncomfortable in her costume and not say anything. She’d tell me, ‘My rib is killing me.’ I?d be like, ‘Natalie, why don’t you say something?’ I’d have to be like, ‘Hellooo, someone, Natalie’s rib is hurting! Can you fix her zipper?’”

NATALIE PORTMAN

ON MONOGAMY…“I’m into monogamy. But I’m not really into marriage right now. I sort of hate the legal aspect of it. What does the state have to do with it? Why are they making rules that say my lover can stay in the United States if they?re foreign or share my health care benefits because I’m straight? But if you’re gay, you can’t have that?”

ON BEING STEREOTYPED A “GOOD GIRL” WHEREAS JOHANSSON SAYS SHE IS STEREOTYPED A “HARLOT”…“I get branded a lot as a good girl. I’m, like, the prude, and you’re more sexy…”

ON HER PUBLIC PROFILE…“The only thing that’s a little bit annoying, is I feel that I come off kind of boring sometimes.’”

ON JOHANSSON GETTING TESTED FOR AIDS TWICE A YEAR…“That’s totally responsible. A great role-model thing to talk about.”

ON WANTING TO AVOID CONFRONTATION AS AN ACTOR…“…my avoidance is a bit much. As an actor, you have to respect your position and know that you are fulfilling someone else’s vision. Mike Nichols always quotes Mamet’s line: ‘Film is a collaborative business: bend over.’”

www.W.magazine.com

THE HOLLYWOOD SENTINEL.COM TO LAUNCH OFFICIAL WEBSITE NEXT MONTH

For more information: contact: 310-226-7176

BRUCE EDWIN PARTNERS WITH MADONNA / MICHAEL JACKSON GUITARIST DAVID WILLIAMS

Hollywood Producer and entertainment magazine publisher Bruce Edwin, has partnered with music legend David Williams, who has played guitar for music legends including Madonna, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, and Prince.

Mr. Edwin and Mr. Williams have joined forces in producing a slate of recording artists which critics are anticipating will warrant top 10 status across the charts in all continents.

Mr. Williams, having worked on some of the biggest albums in history, including Michael Jackson’s Thriller album, is preparing to record with the first artist signed to Mr. Edwin’s Starpower Management’s music division, Moira Cue.

Ms. Cue, already having been in the studio with Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan, is helping her manager Mr. Edwin now audition a choreographer for their teams 2009 U.S. tour.

In addition to their music partnership, Edwin and Williams are working on a slate of filmed entertainment together.

For press or media requests concerning Bruce Edwin, David Williams, or Moira Cue, please visit www.starpowermanagementllc.com or telephone:

Tel: 310-226-7176

BOLT IS THE WORD

Bolt Bows the Bow Wow

Superstars John Travolta and Miley Cyrus

Bring  “Bolt” Characters to Life on Screen

Filmmakers knew that the title character of “Bolt” called for a special talent, a voice that could showcase the character’s action-TV persona and his real-world discoveries. They enlisted John Travolta, one of the most enduring and endearing actors working today.

JOHN TRAVOLTA confesses, “I had never done an animated feature but when I got the call from (Disney Studio chairman] D.C. and he told me that this character really suited my personality, I decided that it was a territory worth investigating. To me, the fun part was seeing how the animators created the dog using my voice, expressions and interpretations. I would experiment and give  them 20 or 30 versions of one line. They use their imaginations and artistic skills, and it was the most exciting thing to see the marriage of the two. It turned out great.

“Working with the filmmakers was fantastic and Chris Williams was a revelation to me,” continues Travolta. “His affection for animation was infectious, and

I was so tickled by everything we were doing and his choices. The collaborative effort was huge. This guy really knows what he’s doing and had a vision for what the film should be. “I love that the film has so much heart,”

Travolta concludes. “If you’ve ever been separated from your favorite animal, and if you’ve ever loved someone and you miss them, you’re brokenhearted because you can’t be near them. I think audiences will identify in a big way with Bolt and his owner, Penny. It’s a love story, really, and it’s completely entertaining and inviting.”

The inspired casting of Miley Cyrus as the voice of Penny brought a new level of excitement to the project. Aside from being one of the most popular and sought-after talents in show business today, the singer-actress added sincerity and believability to the proceedings. A DOG A

MILEY CYRUS says…“One reason I really wanted to do this movie is because I love animals,” says Cyrus. “I have five dogs of my own and I know if one ran away I would not be able to do anything. And that’s the way Penny is. She can’t work. She can’t sleep. She can’t eat.”

Cyrus says she liked the story’s built-in diversity. “It really is an emotional roller-coaster ride. You start out kind of scared of this evil villain, but you’re excited at all of the action in theTV-show sequences. Then you’re sad because Bolt leaves. And then you’re laughing at Rhino.”

James Lipton notes, “I’ve always wanted to be in an animated film, and even more, I’ve always wanted to be in a Disney classic. In the Stanislavski system, we want to know what the character wants. In the scenes in which I play the director, I made a note in my head of what he wants to accomplish in the scene.” Lipton concludes, “Believe it or not, this is perhaps the first StanislavskiImotivated animated character.”

There you have it folks. Check out Bolt at a theater near you.

The Hollywood Sentinel © December, 2008.

“ I used to think as I looked at the Hollywood night, there must be thousands of girls sitting alone like me, dreaming of becoming a movie star. But I’m not going to worry about any of them, I’m dreaming the hardest.” – Marilyn Monroe

Fashion Art Music Entertainment ®  (established in 1999)

starpowermanagementllc@gmail.com

* * *

For Immediate Release                                                        Tel: 310-226-7176

December, 2008

Talent Manager / Producer Bruce Edwin Gives back to Models & Talent with  industry’s first Free Ongoing Forum on How to Succeed in Hollywood

(Los Angeles, California) Bruce Edwin, The C.E.O. of Starpower Management, a highly sought after model and talent management firm based in Santa Monica, California, and a renown writer, publisher and producer, announces today that he is giving back big to hundreds of thousands of aspiring models and actors around the world.    www.starpowermanagementllc.com

Mr. Edwin, known for creating the highest standards for new models and talent, was also known as one of the most difficult for amateurs to get in the door with. “I was tough.” Edwin admits. “I would ask any potential model or actor I would sign if they realize that we are doing them a favor by signing them. Because in fact, in the entertainment business, if one is not a celebrity, agents and managers really are doing talent a favor. There is no shortage of talent or a pretty face in this town. What there is a shortage on, are those with the right attitude and the right values. So when a pretty model would tell me, no, I don’t see that, I think I’m doing you a favor instead, and no one had even heard of them, I would reject them on the spot. Having to do that to hundreds upon hundreds, as you can imagine, creates quite a fan club. Despite that, I care for them all, and want to still help them. Then again,” he laughs, “I no longer deal with amateurs, only stars.”            www.myspace.com/starpowermanagementllc

Edwin continues, “It’s sad though. I was in this book store, and this young man walks up and shyly asked the clerks, all busy talking to each other, if they carry a certain newspaper for aspiring actors. They looked at him like he was a low life, told him no, and then laughed behind his back! Now, why a national book chain in Los Angeles does not carry a newspaper for actors is the first problem. Secondly, this poor guy was put down for wanting to learn about the business he dreams of being in. The search for knowledge shouldn’t be so difficult to find and be put down. The truth should be free. And in our business, above most any other, there are way too many confusions. I intend to clear some of that up with this site.”

And so Bruce Edwin, this month launches THE HOLLYWOOD SENTINEL®, a weekly blog, online forum and future website with the column HOW TO SUCCEED IN HOLLYWOOD ©, in order to give back to models, actors, and performers, with his free ongoing weekly blog, to help those aspiring to celebrity-dom with the powerful knowledge of how they can begin doing the right things, the right way, to become a true success in Hollywood.

The link to the free forum is as follows below, with the website to launch next month, December.

www.hollywoodsentinel.wordpress.com

http://www.myspace.com/bruceedwin

www.starpowermanagementllc.com

tel: 310-226-7176

* * *

Bruce Edwin

Starpower Management LLC

www.starpowermanagementllc.com

* * *

“The secret of genius is to carry the spirit of the child into old age, which means never losing your enthusiasm.”

– Aldous Huxley

HOW TO SUCCEED IN HOLLYWOOD ®

By Bruce Edwin

This week I will repeat the most important thing needed in order to get where you want to be and to stay there, as it is so important, and that is the mental, the emotional, the spiritual state. For if your head is not there, your body and actions will surely not either. After all, your body only does what your head allows.

So, the best thing you can do to make it, is to know you are going to make it, and to act on that knowing.

Success happens in your world when you see and feel and know that that success will happen in your mind. See it, feel it, believe it. And then act on that desired reality. Act as if it will happen. Move in the direction of that reality.

Any thing great I have achieved in my life, was not by accident, but was because I know without any doubt, that I would make it. Luck should be wiped out of your vocabulary. When people wish me luck, I silently forgive them, and know they speak only of ignorance. Talent and success is not luck. Where you want to go and be and achieve is not luck. It is calculated effort based on a science of winning. Fame is a plan. Fame is a science. Fame and success is a discipline. It is not luck. We create our own success and therefore we too can create our own failure. Join me in creating your greatest success. It is a step by step process. And I know the steps, so trust and listen.

The other thing that is essential, is to write down all of your goals. Break down big goals in to little goals, by working backwards from what is needed to where you are now. Write every step down. Make a daily to do list and follow it, do not stop until you do it all. Constantly increase volume, production, goals, and effort.

Be positive. Your mind is one of the greatest machines in the universe. Just as you program your computer or Ipod, you too can program your mind for being happy or sad, good. As the saying goes from Zig Zigler, “Garbage in, Garbage out.” If you feed your mind with trash, trash tv, trash talkers, trash mentalities of doom and gloom and failure projections, you will get the same thing manifested in your life. Feed your mind with success tapes, with positive people, with riches, with talks of happy outcomes, with projections of fame and fortune, and guess what you will have? Your mind will then create what you feel and draw to you.

It is a constant process. The world will fight to make and keep you a failure. The world will fight to drag you down and destroy you even after you have reached your dreams. So guess what? You have to fight that much harder and keep pushing higher and harder. Never quit, never give up, never take no for answer, never give in, never believe in losing, never accept total failure as an option. Be ready to fail one hundred million times. And be happy when you then had to fail only 1000 times and then you finally made it. Every master, every genius, every superstar has failed over and over and over, and then the WON. Winners never quit, as the saying goes, and quitters never win. You must succeed and keep pushing against all odds. And not hope that you will succeed, not even wish. But instead, you must KNOW that you will succeed. You must know it, feel it, smell, it, breathe it, feel it, every moment, every second.

Are you ready to make it happen and win?!

ACTORS:

Monologues

Even though most casting directors these days don’t even know good acting if it hit them on the face, and don’t generally require monologues, since standards for acting have declined, its always better to have monologues ready to read than to not. You can never be too good. You can be too bad.

In a repertoire, your body of monologues, you should have at least 2 from the classical era, and 2 from the modern era. And one comedy, and one drama from each era is advised. Classical era can include Shakespeare, which is always good to know.

Do not scream or yell or use major profanity in a read unless it is in your sides (lines) and called for, or unless you ask the CD, agent, manager, or producer or director you are reading for first if it is OK. I can’t tell you how many actors I have had to shout over to tell them to stop screaming and swearing some lousy monologue.

Don’t look at the person you are reading for. I’ve had countless talents read love scenes or scenes that they are killing some one or such, and stare at me dead in the eyes. No. Don’t do that. That is creepy. You ask them where they want you to look and focus. They may have a spot on the well or a picture of their arch enemy. Who knows. Or better yet, they may tell you to stare and even scream at that client photo they have that never shows up they are about ready to drop. Ask. Over their shoulder is usually the norm. If they want a different angle, they will move or tell you. When you are done with your monologue, say SCENE. I’ve had too many actors smile and such at me, only in painful seconds later to find out they are finally done when it wasn’t obvious due to bad monologues.

Don’t pick monologues to play some one famous who you are not better than. For example, if you are not as good as Marilyn Monroe or James Dean, don’t try to read their lines from their films. Pick obscure material unless you can hugely carry.

The Reel

Any actor not yet a star should have a reel, which is a copy of your best work on tape. When we say tape, we mean transferred from film to dvd, and also online, digital. Your reel should be about 3 to 5 minutes long, depending on how good you are and how much work you have done. Black and white pieces are fine, and even silent, but do include some talkie and color. The rule for monologues should here too be followed. Show some comedy, show some dramatic action. Show some action or drama scene, show some comedy, horror, love scene, kick boxing, or whatever you do. Always include your name and reps contact information at the beginning and end of the tape, and make sure it actually stays on long enough for us to write it down. Flashy editing and fx is not going to impress us, so don’t bother if you can’t afford it. We are looking for the soul, for the craft in your work.

Be ready to be let down. Hollywood, like life, is full of let downs. Do not let them effect you. Use them to grow more stronger, and move on. Do not try to get even with all of the people who do you wrong. Why? For one thing, if you do that, you will spend the majority of your time trying to get even, as you will keep attracting people to you that do you wrong. Try to let it go, and focus on the positive instead. The energy we put out there, is what we attract to us. If you put out revenge and getting even to the world constantly, then you will be attracting someone’s vengeance and someone trying to get even with you.

Ever see a sports fight where one person makes another mad, then they get hit, then the other person hits them back, then before long, both teams are fighting each other, and later on, a whole mob of fans are kicking and hitting every one? It’s stupid. Violence breeds violence and there is nothing good about it.

The best way to get even with your enemy is to make them your friend. Kill em’ with kindness, as they say. Their goal is to make you angry, to make you lose control. They want and expect it. Why give it to them? Why let a jerk control you? Stay calm. Be in control of you. Be in charge of your role, of your life. Take back your soul. They know you will be mad when they do you wrong. They expect it. They want it. Don’t give it to them. Rise above the losers and haters. Rise above the jealous sick mob. Conquer with kindness. Ignore fools. You have a right to be happy and to succeed, against all odds. Do it now!

– Bruce Edwin

producer talent manager publisher

tel 310 – 226 – 7176

Continued next week, next issue out Monday, December 8th, 2008

* * *

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,